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Montag, 17. Oktober 2011

Free Ahmad Sa' adat

The Campaign to Free Ahmad Sa'adat
www.freeahmadsaadat.org + info@freeahmadsaadat.org
Twitter:http://twitter.com/freeahmadsaadat

Palestinian prisoners have entered their third week of hunger strike. After two weeks of hunger strike, physical symptoms become increasingly severe and prisoners' lives and health are ever more at risk. As prisoners have put their lives and bodies on the line to defend the rights of themselves and their people, international support and solidarity are continually escalating and much-needed.

The health of Ahmad Sa'adat, General Secretary of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine and Palestinian national leader who has been in isolation for two and one-half years and whose struggle is at the center of the demand for an end to isolation, is in crisis. Two lawyers visited Sa'adat on October 7 and October 9, and reported that he was fainting and vomiting - a direct consequence of the Israeli Prison Service's confiscation of salt from prisoners. He has already lost over 7 kilos on the hunger strike. Nevertheless, no independent doctors or medical professionals have been permitted to examine Sa'adat. It is urgent that independent medical care reach Sa'adat - call and protest at your Israeli consulate or embassy or demand that the International Committee of the Red Cross take action to protect Sa'adat's life!

Despite his own health crisis, when asked about the duration of the strike, Sa'adat responded: "We are going to continue. We will not accept these degrading conditions. Either we live in dignity or we die with our heads high."

It is clear that if there are any consequences to Sa'adat's health or life, Israel and its isolation policy bear full responsibility and have yet more blood on their hands - but silence is complicity, and the world governments, officials and authorities who allow this to continue without raising a word of protest are also responsible for the ongoing crimes against Palestinian political prisoners and the Palestinian people as a whole.

As of October 9, 300 prisoners were participating in a complete open ended hunger strike and 3000 in a partial hunger strike. Additional prisoners have been joining the strike on a daily basis - on October 10 and 11, over 1500 prisoners at Nafha, Ramon, Eshel, Asqelan, and Gilboa prisons have joined in the open-ended strikes

Hunger strike tents continue to grow in cities throughout Palestine - in Ramallah, Qalqilya, Nablus, Gaza, Salfit, Tulkarem, Nazareth, Haifa. Palestinian activists have gone on solidarity hunger strike and engaged in ongoing mobilizations throughout Palestinian cities. In Gaza, three international activists have joined in the solidarity hunger strikes. Demonstrations in front of Ofer and Asqelan prisons were organized by Palestinians in '48 Occupied Palestine. On October 12, 2011, a general strike is expected to close businesses, schools and offices throughout Palestinian cities for hours, to express mass popular support for the prisoners' struggle.

Negotiations to end the strike failed on Monday as Israeli prison authorities continue to disregard Palestinian prisoners' rights. Prisoners have been repeatedly denied lawyers' visits in several prisons. Prisoners have been increasingly denied salt or their salt confiscated - a potentially deadly action for Sa'adat and other hunger strikers.

Abdel Latif Gheith, Chair of the Board of Directors of Addameer Prisoner Support and Human Rights Association, was today slammed with a six-month ban on entry into the West Bank (as defined by Israel.) Gheith is a resident of East Jerusalem and was called to al-Moskobiyeh interrogation center in Jerusalem to order him arbitrarily forbidden from entering the West Bank, a severe violation of his right to freedom of movement and obvious retaliation for his work in support of the prisoners' hunger strike.

International solidarity to support Palestinian hunger strikers is growing rapidly:

In Gaza, international solidarity activists have joined solidarity hunger strike tents. "Palestinian prisoners are bravely resisting a system that seeks to crush them, their families, their communities, and their national life. Their struggle deserves our full support," said Joe Catron, an activist from the U.S. engaged in an open-ended hunger strike.

éirígí, an Irish republican socialist political party, held a demonstration in Dublin demanding freedom for Ahmad Sa'adat and supporting the hunger strike.

Protests took place throughout the U.S., including in San Francisco and at Occupy Wall Street in New York, in support of the hunger strike - and in solidarity with prisoners in California on hunger strike. Protesters called for the freedom of Ahmad Sa'adat and all Palestinian prisoners. See a video of a protest organized by the International Jewish Anti-Zionist Network.

Greek organizations and social movements have stood in solidarity with Palestinian prisoners, including Greek trade unionists, city councillors, and the Communist Organization of Greece.

Georges Ibrahim Abdallah, an Arab prisoner in French jails, joined the hunger strike as protests took place in solidarity with Palestinian prisoners in Paris. Activists in Denmark, Sweden and Italyjoined in the solidarity actions across Europe.

The National Lawyers Guild in the US and the Palestinian Boycott National Committee issued statements and calls to action in support of Palestinian political prisoners.

A play, Ana Hurra, supporting Palestinian prisoners and telling their stories, began a two-week tour of the United States, and activists on Twitter plan global solidarity hunger strikes.

TAKE ACTION TO SUPPORT AHMAD SA'ADAT AND ALL PALESTINIAN PRISONERS!

1. Picket, protest or call the Israeli embassy or consulate in your location and demand the immediate freedom of Ahmad Sa'adat and all Palestinian political prisoners. Make it clear that you support the demands of Palestinian prisoners on hunger strike! Demand that independent doctors and medical experts be allowed to examine and treat Ahmad Sa'adat. Send us reports of your protests at Israeli embassies and consulates.

2. Distribute the free downloadable Campaign to Free Ahmad Sa'adat flyer in your community at local events.

3. Write to the International Committee of the Red Cross and other human rights organizations to exercise their responsibilities and act swiftly to demand that the Israelis ensure that Ahmad Sa'adat and all Palestinian prisoners are freed from punitive isolation. Email the ICRC, whose humanitarian mission includes monitoring the conditions of prisoners, at JER_jerusalem@icrc.org, and inform them about the urgent situation of Ahmad Sa'adat. Make it clear that Ahmad Sa'adat's life and health are gravely at risk and that he must be permitted independent medical care, and that the ICRC is aware and responsible for any risk to Sa'adat's life or health..

4. Join in the Twitter solidarity strike for Palestine - Tweet: My name is ( ) and I will go on a hunger strike on Wednesday in solidarity with Palestinian prisoners. #TweepStrike #HS4Palestine

5. Email the Campaign to Free Ahmad Sa'adat at info@freeahmadsaadat.org with announcements, reports and information about your local events, activities and flyer distributions.



The Campaign to Free Ahmad Sa' adat


http://www.freeahmadsaadat.org /
info@freeahmadsaadat.org
Twitter:http://twitter.com/fre eahmadsaadat

Israel: A blood state

26 September 2011. A World to Win News Service. At the UN Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu demanded recognition of Israel as a Jewish state as a precondition for accepting UN recognition of Palestine. But the concept and practice of Israel as a Jewish state is at the heart of the problem.



First of all, what kind of state is that? He says that Israel is the state not only of the Jewish people that live there but the whole world's Jews. No other state in the world is based on an ethnicity.



This idea of a state as representing a people and not a territory is rooted in feudalism, when the point was the personal fealty that bound subjects to their monarch. The most notorious example in recent history of a state based on a "people" (ethnicity) rather than a defined territory was Germany, which under Nazi rule annexed Austria and Alsace-Lorrain on the basis of the "Germanness" of their inhabitants. West Germany clung to the concept of defining Germans by their "blood" for most of the post WW2 period.



Netanyahu's argument is that Israel should be recognized as Jewish because Palestine was where the Jewish people first came into existence and established a community four thousand years ago. Actually, most of Palestine's Jewish inhabitants left there about two thousand years ago, although a few stayed behind. But even more importantly, arguing that a place "belongs" to any people is totally unscientific. According to the same Old Testament Bible that Netanyau cites, Abraham, the founder of Judaism, originally came from Ur, in what is now Iraq. Also, various peoples had been living in Palestine for many thousands of years before that. And finally, the people called Palestinians today are no less descendants of the land's inhabitants during Biblical times, and in fact many may be descendants of Jews who converted to Islam or Christianity.



The point here is not to try and untangle which people these lands really "belong" to, but to demonstrate that this whole method of determining this by inheritance is untenable and ridiculous. As the saying goes, "Everyone comes from somewhere else." Modern humanity was made by constant intertwined migrations, starting from Africa.



The Zionists' real argument is that according to their religion, god promised them this land. In fact, the whole Zionist ideology is founded on similar mystical assertions, not only because they are founded in the unprovable (religion), but because as a political project Zionism draws its legitimacy from reactionary romanticism. Any attempt to apply reason to it is labelled anti-Semitism.



The insanity of this idea is even more flagrant when Israel attempts to put it into practice. If Israel is the state of all Jews, then how to define a Jew? Traditionally Judaism defines a Jew by inheritance, too, through the mother. At its founding, Israel deliberately adopted the Nazi definition, an individual with at least one Jewish parent regardless of their religious beliefs. This conveniently enabled Israel to expand its pool of potential immigrants, including for example, about a million Soviet Jews that the US paid the USSR to send to Israel. Many of them were not observant and had few or none of the cultural attributes that once distinguished Jewish communities in Russia (such as speaking Yiddish). In fact, many came to Israel because that was the only place they were allowed to immigrate to under the terms of the US-Soviet agreement. Quite a few almost immediately went on to the US or Europe.



Ironically, the Orthodox Jewish authorities who regulate much of Israeli life (even though Orthodoxy is a minority trend among the world's Jews) do not recognize many immigrants as Jews, so that there are two categories: people considered Jewish for purposes of immigration and people considered non-Jews by the Jewish establishment (and thus, for instance, not allowed to marry a Jew or be buried in a Jewish cemetery). This disagreement about who is a Jew has made it difficult for the authorities to fill in the box marked “religion” on Israeli ID cards, although Arab names suffice to tell the difference.



Again, our intention here is not to try and make sense of the contending claims as to who is a Jew, but to demonstrate the insanity of the whole project.



What makes this even more complicated is that Israeli Jews have a privileged status. Not only do they have rights to Palestinian land, and other rights that even Palestinians who are Israeli citizens do not enjoy, they have access to a standard of living and life style based not on their own hard work but funds from Western governments and donors and the benefits of an economy that is almost completely an extension of Western capital. (Why do Israeli computer geeks get rewarded for their cleverness while Gaza computer-savy boys and girls are likely to get nothing but frustrated, if not punished?) In effect, Israelis are receiving the perks that go along with living on the imperialist side of the division of the world into oppressed and oppressor countries and the great wealth this situation allows the imperialists to extract. This funding is meant not only to make the tiny Zionist state a major military power but to ensure that Israel remains an attractive place to live for people used to American and European living standards and willing to fight to keep them.



Anyone who thinks deeply about why the West has done that will understand why the state of Israel exists in the first place. Britain decided to encourage Jewish immigration to Palestine during World War 1, as a counter-weight to the emerging Arab nationalist movements. The UK hoped to establish a settler state similar to those that were key to British domination of Southern Africa, Australia and other areas. But it was the US that played the central role in bringing the state of Israel into existence, snatching it away from the British. Eventually Washington became Israel's official godfather as part of American efforts to establish its own hegemony in the Middle East against both Arabs and European rivals. No one who knows British and American history in the early and mid-twentieth century could seriously argue that there was much of a "Jewish lobby" in either country when Israel came into existence, a time when anti-Semitism was particularly rampant in both countries.



In fact, during World War 2 the governments of both the US and UK were at best indifferent to the fate of the Jews at the hands of the Nazis. For instance, they refused to carry out bombing raids to interdict the rail lines carrying Jews to Nazi death camps and in general tried to keep the slaughter of the Jews a secret from the public. The US authorities notoriously refused entry to Jewish refugees, who were sent back to die in occupied Europe. The UK and later the US did not favour the establishment of Israel because of any special liking for Jews.



Considerations of justice had nothing to do with it either. Take the modern example of Serbia. Why is it that when Serbia put forward a claim to parts of Bosnia on the basis of the existence of Serbian communities there and annexed Kosovo because it was historically the Serbian national heartland, and tried to expel non-Serbs from what it considered Serbian territories, the US led Nato in bombing Serbia into submission and bringing its government leaders to trial on charges of ethnic cleansing and other crimes against humanity, while when Israel does the same thing, the US provides it with bombers and offers it the ultimate protection of American atomic bombs?



This cannot be explained by either a "Jewish lobby" or a misplaced pursuit of justice. It can only be explained by what the US perceives as its imperial interests in the Middle East. Because Israel is dependent on US and European financing and military protection, and because of the privileged status of its people that comes with that, unlike, for instance, Egyptians, to whom Western domination has brought great suffering and national humiliation, it is the most fully reliable bastion of American interests in the region. It is the keystone to the whole system of reactionary, imperialist-dependent states that imprison the Arab peoples.



There is nothing normal about Israel and still less the "Jewish state" as the Zionists define it. After all, what state has no defined territory or borders? And what other state is exempt from international law?



It is true that at the time of Israel's founding, the United Nations (led by the US, with unfortunate complicity from the then socialist USSR) envisioned two states, a Jewish and Palestinian one, both as UN members. But today Israel has taken over 78 percent of the former Palestine. It seized East Jerusalem by war and now claims that it has the right to run all of it and "Judaize" it by expelling its Palestinian inhabitants. More than half a million Israelis are living in government-subsidized colonies in the West Bank, occupying the militarily strategic and water-rich highlands and dividing the rest of the West Bank into a labyrinth of often isolated Palestinian communities cut off from one another by Israeli army checkpoints and roads that only Israelis are allowed to drive on.



When Netanyahu complains that Israel cannot accept "a return to the 1967 borders with land swaps" because those borders are "indefensible", what he means is that Israel wants to keep all of Jerusalem (a right that even the US has not recognized so far) and most of the settlements, and the Golan Heights it stole from Syria, and the right to maintain an Israeli army presence on the West Bank across from the Jordanian border, encircling the Palestinians on all sides.



Actually, the terms Palestinian Authority President Mahmoud Abbas is putting forward as the basis for peace with Israel are identical to what the US has put forward for decades, a stand reiterated by US President Barack Obama only a year ago. If negotiations between Israel and Abbas have gotten nowhere, it is because instead of freezing the construction of new settlements as the US requested and as Abbas demanded as a precondition for talks, Israel has sped them up. In fact, the number of West Bank settlers has tripled since the current "peace process" was launched in Madrid two decades ago. Netanyahu and other Israeli leaders have explicitly said that as far as they are concerned negotiations can go on for decades, while they keep expanding the settlements.



More than one observer of Israel has pointed out that the country has gone from being self-defined by its kibbutzim (the now-largely defunct agrarian communities in which Israeli immigrants were to build egalitarian communities on stolen land) to being defined in practice by its settler movement and the fascistic and intolerant "national religious" current associated with it. The settlers swallow up much of the budget (hence the unhappiness of secular Jews in Tel Aviv), increasingly dominate the armed forces' officer corps and set the terms for political debate. Many of these settlers are well-to-do religious fanatics from New York and elsewhere playing out a fantasy of "living on the land" (ultimately with the benevolence and financial support of the US). They are highly armed and often indulge in gratuitous violence against their ordinary Palestinian neighbours. Even Jews deemed insufficiently pious are sometimes attacked by Jewish fundamentalists. It is not much of an exaggeration when secular Jews say they fear the "Iranianization" of Israel. Is this the "Jewish state" Palestinians are supposed to recognize?



The call for UN recognition of a Palestinian state is essentially based on an acceptance of the status quo. It would mean a de facto recognition of Israel as a Jewish state and implies the dropping of the right of return of the millions of Palestinians who still have the keys or deeds to the homes in Israel from which they were driven out. There is no reason to believe that such a Palestinian “mini” state would be anything but under the heel of Israel economically, politically and militarily. Even if it were funded to some extent by the US and Europe, that would simply chain it even more tightly to an acceptance of Israeli domination.



Since there is nothing in Abbas's demand that the US has not itself put forward and that would in any way endanger Israel, why won't the Israeli leadership accept it? Here we can infer three hypotheses. Part of the reason is that Israel is not done gobbling up Palestinian lands. Another factor is that Israel wants to be recognized as entitled and able to do whatever it wants, and to not only deny Palestinian initiative but also further humiliate and crush them as a people. Probably the most important reason is that obliging Israel and the US to accept an accord based on a Palestinian initiative might encourage the Palestinian movement and spur the new generation to more activism. The very fact that a two-state solution would change little for the daily lives of Palestinians might discredit American-dependent leaders like Abbas and further radicalize some people.



That said, it must be added that Israeli agreement to some sort of Palestinian mini-state is still not impossible.



Israeli intransigence has created a serious problem for the US and for all the region's US-dependent regimes, from Saudi Arabia and Jordan to Egypt (whose military junta may claim to represent a break from Hosni Mubarak's subservience to Israel but still uses its guns to protect Israeli interests from the Egyptian people). Many people throughout the Middle East perceive Israel as not just the enemy of the Palestinian people but also as a key part of the whole regional set-up imprisoning all the Arab peoples. As has been the case at other critical junctures in the twentieth century Arab history, many Arabs in various countries are once again intolerant of governments perceived as Israeli boot lickers, perhaps because these regimes have never seemed so fragile. The US is not anxious to be too closely identified with Israel, which would undermine the minimally revamped regimes the US is trying to consolidate in some form or another amid the upheaval in the Arab world, like in Egypt. At the same time, this upheaval has made it clearer than ever that Israel is the country that the US can most fully count on and whose government is the least likely to be toppled by its people in a way that threatens American interests.



Abbas, whom the US first made promises to and then betrayed, and whom Israel has treated as an annoying insect, may think he is clever – or at least that he has no other option – to use Obama's own previous stance in favour of the two-state solution against him. This is meant to put the US in a position in which it must either accept Abbas's proposal for Palestinian UN membership (which it will not do) or veto it, which would further the reality of the US/Israeli relationship and hinder US efforts to recover its political losses in the "Arab spring". But this strategy is based on an ultimate acceptance of the US as the final arbiter, and whatever happens, the Palestinian cause will not be advanced through this.



Palestinians are coming out to demonstrate and take other actions in new numbers and forms (like the mass protests by Palestinian refugees on the Lebanese and other borders with Israel that so freaked out the Israeli establishment). Recently the Israeli diplomatic staff fled its embassy in Amman, Jordan, because of a rumour that crowds might assault it as happened in Egypt.



Yet it is also true that nowadays many Palestinians find it hard to believe they do can anything to really defeat Israel, which has all of Palestine under unprecedented military lockdown. That may be right, at the moment. Both the armed struggle of the 1960s and '70s and the unarmed Intifada movements ran into serious obstacles. But the dynamic between the Palestinian cause and the struggle of the other Arab peoples has long played a central role in the region and its potential should not be underestimated. It has already posed serious problems for the US's efforts to keep post-Mubarak Egypt under its control. It is a major factor in exposing the hypocrisy and US-dependence of most of the region's regimes, even Saudi Arabia, whose Islamic fundamentalist credentials are matched by its ultimate subservience to American and thus Israeli interests.



Logical inconsistency is common in politics. The US has led the bombing of Libya to bring about the regime change it wants in the name of "protecting civilian lives" while supporting the Bahrain royal family (and its Saudi protectors) in the mass murder of civilian protesters. It can also probably get away with supporting Israel even while trying to find a role for its unruly puppet Abbas. But people in the Arab world are watching, and these crimes will have political consequences in the thinking and actions of many Arab people.



The Middle East and the American-established order is more volatile than ever. And the Palestinian cause is, potentially, both a driver and a beneficiary of that instability. These are not times when nothing can be done by people seeking radical change. They are times that must be seized and whose potential can only be fully realized if people with a sufficient understanding and vision come to the fore.

New Developments on Palestinian Prisoners' Hunger Strike - Action Needed + Solidarity with California, US Prison Hunger Strikers

http://www.freeahmadsaadat.org /
The Campaign to Free Ahmad Sa' adat - info@freeahmadsaadat. org -
Twitter:http://twitter.com/fre eahmadsaadat



Solidarity with Palestinian prisoners is more urgent than ever. Since the announcement of Palestinian prisoners' hunger strikeagainst the isolation of Ahmad Sa'adat and all other prisoners held in solitary confinement, and against torture and humiliation for prisoners and their families and visitors, Israeli prison officials have stepped up their threats against Palestinian prisoners participating in the hunger strike.

The strike begins today, Tuesday, September 27. The Israeli Minister of Internal Security, at a meeting in Ramon and Naqab Prisons, has threatened to escalate repression against prisoners, threatening to move all prisoners participating in the hunger strike into isolation and solitary confinement, and to forcibly transfer those prisoners to other prisons in the occupation prison system. Prisoners are frequently transferred by occupation forces in an attempt to break up social bonds and disrupt organizing against prison repression.

For decades, Palestinian prisoners have engaged in hunger strikes to demand - and win - their rights, putting their bodies on the line once more to demand the freedom and dignity of themselves, their people, their homeland and their nation. Palestinian prisoners have announced that they will not be moved from their course by the threats of the occupiers. Prisoners' representatives have confirmed that Sa'adat and fellow isolated leader Jamal Abu al-Haija, in isolation with Sa'adat, will join in the strike themselves.

Furthermore, prisoners announced that they will reject all prison orders, refusing to wear uniforms, stand up for daily counts, or accept food. The situation is more urgent than ever as prisoners begin their strike. The Campaign to Free Ahmad Sa'adat calls upon all solidarity, international justice and human rights groups and organizations to join us to demand freedom, dignity and justice for Palestinian prisoners.

TAKE ACTION TO SUPPORT AHMAD SA'ADAT AND ALL PALESTINIAN PRISONERS!

1. Picket, protest or call the Israeli embassy or consulate in your location and demand the immediate freedom of Ahmad Sa'adat and all Palestinian political prisoners. Make it clear that you support the demands of Palestinian prisoners on hunger strike!

2. Distribute the free downloadable Campaign to Free Ahmad Sa'adat flyer in your community at local events.

3. Write to the International Committee of the Red Cross and other human rights organizations to exercise their responsibilities and act swiftly to demand that the Israelis ensure that Ahmad Sa'adat and all Palestinian prisoners are freed from punitive isolation. Email the ICRC, whose humanitarian mission includes monitoring the conditions of prisoners, at jerusalem.jer@icrc.org, and inform them about the urgent situation of Ahmad Sa'adat.

4. Email the Campaign to Free Ahmad Sa'adat at info@freeahmadsaadat.org with announcements, reports and information about your local events, activities and flyer distributions.

+++
Solidarity with Prison Hunger Strikers in California

The Campaign to Free Ahmad Sa'adat expresses its deepest solidarity with the prisoners on hunger strike in Pelican Bay, California, the United States. These prisoners, inside the racist and brutal US prison system, have also stood together on hunger strike to demand an end to abuse and the use of isolation against prisoners, particularly long-term isolation, to demand proper food, and an end to torture and abuse. They ended their strike in July 2011 after receiving assurances that their demands would be met - however, this has not happened, and prisoners have in fact been punished and further repressed for participating in the strike. The prisoners in California have resumed their hunger strike on Monday, September 26, 2011.

Across the world, prisoners stand on hunger strike, demanding dignity and justice. The Campaign to Free Ahmad Sa'adat salutes the California hunger strikers, expresses our deepest solidarity, and joins in their demands for dignity and justice. We also note the great leaders and great struggles that have emerged from the racist dungeons of U.S. prisons, from Attica to Soledad. The Campaign to Free Ahmad Sa'adat salutes the political prisoners in U.S. jails and the Guantanamo torture camp - and all jails in the world - including Mumia Abu-Jamal, Leonard Peltier, Ghassan Elashi, and hundreds more, and demands their freedom.



The Campaign to Free Ahmad Sa' adat

http://www.freeahmadsaadat.org /
info@freeahmadsaadat.org
Twitter:http://twitter.com/fre eahmadsaadat

Donnerstag, 6. Januar 2011

West Bank: Israel meets non-violence with murder

3 January 2011. A World to Win News Service. Why has Israel inflicted so much suffering on the children of Subhiyeh Abu Rahmeh?



Her son Abdullah was a founder of the unarmed and largely non-violent protests that have been held in Bilin every Friday for almost six years. The villagers are demanding the dismantling of the Israeli wall that cuts them off from most of their olive orchards and other agricultural land that still legally belongs to them. An Israeli settlement built on land that was taken from them earlier, in the 1980s, sits on the other side of the double row of wire fence.



Abdullah was arrested for organizing these demonstrations in December 2009. He remains in prison. One of the charges against him is possession of weapons: the spent tear gas grenades and bullets fired at protesters that he collected to mount an exhibition exposing the Israeli security forces.



Another son, Ahmad, once told BBC that he believes in peace and a two-state solution to the Israeli occupation. He wore a T-shirt showing the Israeli and Palestinian flags flying side by side, which is supposedly what the Israeli government and the U.S. are seeking to bring about.



But this stand didn't help his brother Ashraf, who was grabbed by Israeli soldiers at a protest in the nearby village of Naalin in 2008. While he was on the ground they tied his hands behind his back and put a hood over his head, stood him up and tied him to a jeep. Acting on orders from a lieutenant-colonel, one soldier held him while another shot him in the leg with a tear gas projectile at nearly point-blank range. Ashraf lived to press charges, but the case remains unresolved, even though the whole incident was captured on film.



In April 2009 their brother Bassem was at the front of the weekly march to the wall. As they turned the corner, the Israeli soldiers waiting for them, as always, began firing tear gas. A few undeterred protesters advanced towards the fence anyway. Standing further back and to the side, 30-40 metres away from the soldiers, Bassem called out in Hebrew, "We are in a non-violent protest, there are kids and internationals..." Before he could finish his sentence a soldier shot him in the chest with a high-velocity tear gas canister.



It was the same kind of new lethal projectile called "the rocket" that had been fired at the head of an American participant in a march in a nearby village a few weeks before, leaving him in a coma to this day.



The 29-year-old Bassem fell to the ground writhing in pain, and died soon after. This shooting, too, was filmed, but this time there were no charges. The Israeli military recently issued a formal decision that there will be no investigation.



People in Bilin believe that Bassem, a prominent non-violent activist well-known to the soldiers and clearly visible in a florescent green jersey, was specifically targeted for murder. Ballistics experts who examined the two sets of video footage concluded that the grenade was fired directly at him and not toward the ground, contrary to supposed Israeli rules of engagement for the weapon. The soldiers probably also knew who his brother Ashraf was when they used the same weapon to punish him for demonstrating.



The weekly march held on 31 December 2010 was bigger than usual, with hundreds of people taking part in the protest to mark the end of the year. One of them was Subhiyeh Abu Rahmeh's daughter Jawaher, a kindergarten teacher who also worked as a tailor since her family had become largely dependent on her income.



Israeli soldiers fired an unusually large number of gas canisters at the demonstrators. Jawaher collapsed, unable to breath, and went into convulsions. She was taken to hospital in Ramallah, but the medical staff couldn't save the 36-year-old woman. She was pronounced dead the next morning. Israeli authorities refused to identity the kind of gas that the doctors say killed her.



Three thousand people attended her funeral on the first day of the new year. In Tel Aviv hundreds of people protesting her killing rallied in front of the defence ministry, where police attacked them. About a dozen people were arrested on weapons possession charges when demonstrators attempted to "return" U.S.-supplied empty tear gas canisters to the American ambassador's residence.



Bilin and Naalin are north of Ramallah. Israelis consider this prime real estate because it is so close to Tel Aviv that you can sometimes see the city's beaches from the rooftops of the Jewish settlement uphill from Bilin. The village has been walled off from the sea and about 200 hectares of the villagers' land for what the Zionists hope will be forever.



The protests in these two West Bank villages are often promoted as examples of the kind of non-violent movement that could wrench concessions from Israel through moral and political pressure. A son of Martin Luther King and a grandson of Mahatma Gandhi made symbolic visits to the area in 2010. Organizers have trained villagers in non-violent resistance tactics and sometimes pacifist philosophy. They are supported by the Fatah movement, the key organization in the Palestinian Authority that serves as the bullied local partner of the Israelis on the West Bank and has sought to negotiate a two-state solution for many years. Their insistence on non-violence is linked to their belief that American support is their only hope. Some people uphold this movement as an example of "legitimate" protest, as opposed to the "illegitimacy" of those who advocate the liberation of Palestine by any means necessary.



Further, these protests have international law on their side. The International Court of Justice at The Hague has ruled that the Israeli wall is illegal, and even the Israeli Supreme Court ruled more than three years ago that some of the Bilin villagers' land should be made accessible to them again, although these rulings have never been enforced.



Yet these protests have been repeatedly met with beatings, arrests, stun grenades, tear gas, rubber bullets and live rounds. As of early 2010, about 1,200 participants in the weekly marches had been injured and 85 arrested. Some are still in Israeli prisons. Since the demonstrations began in February 2005, when construction on the wall first started in Bilin, the Israeli army has murdered 21 protesters.



Israeli soldiers killed two of Subhiyeh Abu Rahmeh's six children, badly wounded a third and locked up a fourth to stop these protest marches and punish their participants, whether non-violent or not. The fact that they were struggling to regain Palestinian land was enough to justify violent repression.



In fact, Israel sometimes kills Palestinians who aren't engaged in any kind of resistance. Two days after soldiers killed Jawaher Abu Rahmeh in Bilin, they also gunned down a young Palestinian farm labourer going through a West Bank checkpoint to work for Israeli settlers. Ahmad Maslamani had gone through a metal detector and apparently made a wrong turn leaving the checkpoint area. Israeli military officials at first claimed that their soldiers felt threatened by Maslamani because they thought he was carrying a water bottle, which in their eyes constitutes a weapon. Then, when witnesses said that he had been empty-handed, they said that the killing was due to a "misunderstanding". For Israel, any Palestinian is a potential enemy.



Because the Zionist state was built on stolen land, and because a state defined as Jewish cannot exist without denying Palestinian rights, Israel will always feel obliged to use violence against them. Its soldiers kill even those who advocate some sort of coexistence with Israel, Palestinians and even some Jews and others, because the only kind of peace Israel can ever accept is one in which the Palestinian cause is crushed. The cry for justice is an "existential threat" to the Zionist state because there can never be justice as long as it exists.



This militarized settler state is a central pillar of U.S. domination of the Middle East. And while the Obama government rails at what it considers rights violations in China and Russia, it has said nothing about any of these murders. Continuing arms supplies and financial backing for Israel is consider a given by political figures on both sides of the American political mainstream.



Israelis fired the the deadly projectiles that punished Subhiyeh Abu Rahmeh's children, but the weapons were American. Bassem and Jawaher died, ultimately, because they stood in the way of U.S. interests.

Donnerstag, 25. November 2010

Zionismus und Rassismus

Vor 35 Jahren verurteilte die Vollversammlung der Vereinten Nationen Israels Staatsdoktrin

Von Moshe Zuckermann[1]

Quelle: jungeWelt vom 17. November 2010

Auf Kommunisten-online am 17. November 2010 – Am 10. November 1975 geschah etwas, das man für entweder gravierend oder – gemessen daran, daß dies Gravierende späterhin annulliert wurde – für nichtig erachten kann. Die UN-Vollversammlung entschied: » (…) der Zionismus ist eine Form des Rassismus und der rassischen Diskriminierung«. Die Stimmverteilung für und wider das Verdikt darf sowohl beim Beschluß als auch bei dessen nachmaliger Annullierung außer acht gelassen werden; sie verdankte sich der jeweiligen, deutlich zeitgeistgeschwängerten politischen Konstellation der UN-Vollversammlung. Da aber der an den Zionismus ergehende Vorwurf des Rassismus durch die Aufhebung der institutionellen Entscheidung mitnichten aus der Welt geräumt ist, lohnt es sich, das Problem besagter Zuschreibung grundsätzlich zu reflektieren.

Man kann es sich dabei leicht machen, indem man den Begriff des Rassismus auf seine ursprüngliche, namentlich biologistische Grundbedeutung zurückführt und nachweist, daß sich der historische Zionismus nicht durch ein ideologisches Postulat der Rassenreinheit auszeichnete. Zwar weist die jüdische Halacha in ihrer Definition des Juden eine biologische Komponente auf – Jude ist, wer von einer jüdischen Mutter geboren wurde –, aber zum einen gründet diese Doktrin nicht im Zionismus, sondern im religiösen Judentum; zum anderen ist selbst sie prinzipiell »überwindbar«: Denn Jude ist auch der, der eine orthodox anerkannte Konversion zum Judentum begangen hat. Es stimmt zwar, daß das religiöse Judentum (in striktem Gegensatz zu Christentum und Islam) nicht missionarisch ausgerichtet ist, traditionell mithin einer Abgrenzung gegenüber Nichtjuden das Wort redet, aber dies hat nichts mit der Ideologie einer modernen Rassenbiologie zu tun, sondern, wenn überhaupt, mit dem religiös-archaischen Auserwähltheitsgedanken sowie mit der historisch begründeten Ambition, als Religionsgemeinschaft im Diasporischen und im Kontext einer langen Verfolgungsgeschichte zu überdauern.

Ein Blick auf Israels Straßen genügt zudem, um sich davon zu überzeugen, wie »rassisch« und ethnisch durchmischt das aus aller Herren Länder im Einwanderungsland Israel zusammengekommene jüdische Kollektiv selbst ist. Selbst wenn man in Anschlag bringt, daß ein Theodor Herzl seinerzeit sich nur schwerlich hätte vorstellen können, daß der von ihm antizipierte Judenstaat dereinst auch dunkelhäutige äthiopische und »nichtweiße« orientalische Juden zu seinen Bürgern zählen würde – und in der Tat verstand sich das zionistische Projekt ursprünglich primär als ein europäisches, mithin aschkenasisches Unterfangen –, so kann ihm nicht im nachhinein unterstellt werden, rassistischem Gedankengut aufgesessen zu sein.

Die nationale Lösung

Nun ist aber auch kaum anzunehmen, daß der gegen den Zionismus erhobene Vorwurf des Rassismus biologistisch gedacht war. Gemeint war vielmehr, daß der Zionismus das proklamierte Objekt seiner Emanzipationsbestrebung so eng faßt, daß sich diese Bestrebung mit Postulaten westlicher Emanzipationsvorstellungen als letztlich unvereinbar erweist. Denn der nicht von ungefähr abstrakt konzipierte, spätestens seit der Französischen Revolution zum politischen Maßstab geadelte Bürgerbegriff wollte sich gerade solcher Partikulareinschränkungen wie Religion, Rasse, Ethnie und (späterhin) Geschlecht entledigen, was zwangsläufig mit der Kategorie des Juden als ausschließlichem Kriterium der Zugehörigkeit zum sich als Nation konstituierenden (zionistischen) Kollektiv und des damit einhergehenden Anspruchs auf automatische Staatsbürgerschaft kollidieren mußte. Wenn nur Juden (und zwar jeder Jude, wo immer er lebt) einen unhinterfragbaren Anspruch auf die israelische Staatsbügerschaft erheben dürfen, dann findet sich darin in der Tat ein Element diskriminierender Ausschließlichkeit. Was dabei dieses spezifische Moment der Diskriminierung von anderen vergleichbaren Exklu­sionspostulaten, wie sie sich heutzutage zunehmend in Ausländer- und Fremdenfeindlichkeit europäischer Länder manifestiert, unterscheidet, ist der schiere Umstand, daß im Falle des Zionismus das Kriterium der Ausschließlichkeit von Anbeginn zur staatsoffiziellen Doktrin, ja zur raison d’être des zionistischen Staates erhoben wurde.

Zu fragen ist freilich, ob dies für sich genommen angreifbar ist. Denn nicht die Tatsache, daß der Zionismus sich von vornherein als nationale Befreiungsbewegung der Juden definierte, wäre in diesem Zusammenhang zu hinterfragen, sondern die historischen Vorbedingungen der schieren Notwendigkeit, die Juden separat emanzipieren zu sollen. Es gibt zwar Strömungen im heutigen Zionismus, die behaupten, der Zionismus hätte sich auf jeden Fall von sich aus als Bewegung der kulturellen wie nationalen Erneuerung des diasporisch degenerierenden Judentums konstituiert, aber man geht wohl kaum fehl, wenn man dem entgegenhält, daß die Schlagkraft dieser (national-kulturellen) Erneuerung sich aus einem reaktiven Moment des Zionismus speiste, namentlich aus dem für das europäische Judentum im ausgehenden 19. Jahrhundert zur nicht ignorierbaren Bedrohung gewachsenen Antisemitismus. Nicht Juden, sondern Nichtjuden schufen das sogenannte »jüdische Problem«; als es sich aber als solches formuliert und gesellschaftlich-politisch etabliert hatte, mußten sich Juden, die es verinnerlicht hatten, mit ihm nolens volens auseinandersetzen.

Dabei boten sich ihnen drei säkulare Lösungswege: der (vor allem von deutschen Juden angestrebte) Weg der Assimilation; der (von kosmopolitisch ausgerichteten Juden erwählte) des Sozialismus; und eben der des auf die Errichtung einer nationalen Heimstätte für die Juden zielenden politischen Zionismus. Letzterer kann nicht einfach als partikulare, daher unzureichende Lösung wegdiskutiert werden. Denn nicht nur erwuchs der politische Zionismus aus dem Geiste nationaler Emanzipationsbestrebungen des europäischen 19. Jahrhunderts und verstand sich darin eben als partikulare Bestrebung, wie sie allen nationalen Aspirationen jener Zeit zu eigen war; sondern man muß auch bedenken, daß selbst ein Mann vom Schlage Moses Hess, immerhin dem Kreise von Marx und Engels verbunden und zunächst dezidiert universalistischen Erlösungsvorstellungen verpflichtet, sich angesichts der Nationalkonflikte Europas und des anwachsenden Antisemitismus letztlich doch der Idee eines sozialistisch beseelten Zionismus verschrieb, mithin postulierte, »das jüdische Problem« bedürfe der nationalen Lösung.

Nimmt man noch hinzu, daß sich mit dem Holocaust die vom Zionismus angetriebene nationale Lösung des »jüdischen Problems« als akute Notwendigkeit der Schaffung einer Zufluchtsstätte für die Überlebenden der welthistorischen Monstrosität ausnahm, dann relativiert sich das Partikularitätsproblem der den Juden unmittelbar nach der Katastrophe real angebotenen »Lösung« ihres »Problems« zumindest in der Logik jenes historischen Ausnahmezustands und des ihm verschwisterten Gefühls gebotener Dringlichkeit.

Perpetuiertes Unrecht

Nun hat sich aber das, was sich damals als reale historische Notwendigkeit ausnahm und alsbald verobjektivieren sollte, nicht im luftleeren Raum, sondern in einem neuralgischen Kontext zugetragen. Die Gründung des zionistischen Staates ging bekanntlich mit der kollektiven Katastrophe der palästinensischen Bevölkerung im Territorium dieses Staates und einem gewaltigen, von Juden am palästinensischen Kollektiv verübten historischen Unrecht einher. Ob sich dieses Unrecht aus dem Wesen des Zionismus (also als etwas von vornherein im Zionismus Angelegtes) ableitete oder sich als tragische Konstellation im zeitgenössischen Zusammenhang deutet, spielt im hier erörterten Kontext eine eher geringe Rolle. Dieses Unrecht besteht und ist mit der israelischen Okkupationpraxis seit 1967 intensiviert, mithin immer wirkmächtiger geworden, ungeachtet der Apostrophierung des Zionismus als »eine Form des Rassismus«. Zu fragen bleibt freilich, ob die realen geschichtlichen Voraussetzungen für den Zustand des perpetuierten Unrechts in sich schon die strukturelle Tendenz zu dem bargen, was sich nachmalig als Rassismus ausnehmen mochte. Die Antwort darauf könnte positiv, mit nicht minderem Recht jedoch auch negativ ausfallen. Denn würde es beispielsweise zu einer Beilegung des israelisch-palästinensischen Konflikts im Sinne der Zwei-Staaten-Lösung kommen (von der binationalen Lösung ganz zu schweigen, aber die würde ja auch das Ende des historischen zionistischen Projekts bedeuten), würde sich kaum jemand noch einfallen lassen, den befriedeten Zionismus als rassistisch zu bezeichnen. Man würde sich in diesem Falle einer ohnehin prekären Wesensbestimmung des Zionismus enthalten und sich den auch in ihm angelegten Potential historischen Wandels verschreiben wollen.

Strukturelle Exklusion

Zu eilig darf man freilich nicht zu diesem (eh noch visionären) Urteil gelangen. Denn der israelische Alltag wie auch die gegenwärtig vorwaltende hohe Politik Israels setzen offenbar alles daran, dem UNO-Verdikt von 1975 noch im nachhinein Geltung zu verschaffen. Viel ließe sich dazu anführen; dies würde aber den hier gebotenen Rahmen sprengen. Wenige ausgesuchte Beispiele seien statt dessen exemplarisch dargelegt.

»Das Eindringen des Faschismus aus den Straßenrändern in die Korridore der Herrschaft«, schreibt der israelische Historiker Danny Gottwein (Haaretz, 9.11.2010), »ist einer der Wege, deren sich die israelische Rechte bedient, um sich mit dem Wandel der gesellschaftlichen Funktion der Okkupation auseinanderzusetzen. Die Modifikation des Staatsbürgerschaftsgesetzes, die darauf aus ist, einen Treueeid auf Israel als einen jüdischen und demokratischen Staat einzubeziehen, ist ein Ausdruck davon.«

Gottwein verweist in diesen wenigen Sätzen auf die strukturelle Diskrepanz zwischen dem Selbstbild Israels als einem demokratischen Staat, der sogar vorgibt, die einzige Demokratie im Nahen Osten zu sein, und seiner politischen Realität, die sich gesetzlicher Mittel bedient, welche bei jedem Demokraten berechtigtes Entsetzen hervorrufen dürften. Denn nicht nur ist das Kriterium des Jüdischen unter Juden selbst mitnichten konsensuell geklärt (das Gegenteil ist der Fall) – Israel ist darüber hinaus nun einmal ein Staat, in welchem (staatsoffiziell anerkannt) mindestens 1,3 Millionen Nichtjuden, arabische Bürger, leben. Die irreale, dafür mit um so größerer Emphase ausgesprochene Erwartung, daß diese nichtjüdischen Bürger Israel als einen jüdischen Staat anerkennen (und nicht etwa als den Staat all seiner Bürger, in welchem sie als gleichberechtigte Bürger einbezogen wären), läuft auf nichts anderes hinaus als auf ihre strukturelle Exklusion aus der bürgerlichen Gemeinschaft des Landes. Dies ist freilich schon seit Gründung des Staates das etablierte Grundmuster. Offiziell sind Israels Araber gleichberechtigte Bürger des Staates; de facto leben sie aber seit Jahrzehnten (in nahezu allen Lebensbereichen) als Bürger zweiter Klasse. Neu ist die nunmehr gesetzlich vorangetriebene Identitätsfarce, die – aus der politischen Ecke Avigdor Liebermans kommend – der bewußten Diskriminierung der arabischen Bevölkerung des Landes eine legale Grundlage zu verschaffen trachtet. Das hat mit biologistischem Rassismus nichts zu tun, sehr wohl aber mit einem ethnisch beseelten politischen Rassismus, der sich mit der faschistischen Brachialität Liebermans nur zu gut in Einklang weiß.

Nachbarn nach Wunsch

Danny Gottwein indiziert, daß die faschistische Tendenz sich von den Rändern der Straße in die Mitte der politischen Herrschaft bewegt. Zu denken ist eher eine dialektische Wechselwirkung: Die politische Klasse nimmt auf, was ihr »die Straße« zufaucht, formt aber zugleich das Fauchen, facht es an und legitimiert es. So eröffnet etwa die Publizistin Avirama Golan eine mit der Drohung »Du bist der nächste Araber« betitelte Kolumne (Haaretz, 3.11.2010) mit den Worten: »Was ist so schlimm daran – sagte mir G. –, daß Menschen in Gemeinden sich ihre Nachbarn aussuchen wollen? Ich rede von der Bestrebung, in einem schönen, sauberen Ort zu leben, den Kindern eine hochwertige Erziehung in einer qualitativ hochstehenden Gemeinde angedeihen zu lassen; was ist also so schlimm daran, daß man keine Araber haben möchte? Sie passen doch wirklich nicht zu einer Ortsgemeinde mit jüdisch-zionistischer Couleur.« Golan klärt G., einen orientalischen Juden mit einer Frau aus der ehemaligen Sowjetunion, auf, macht ihm plausibel, warum er selbst kaum eine Chance hätte, in der von ihm idealisierten Gemeinde aufgenommen zu werden, und beendet ihre Kolumne wie folgt: »G. ist in eine faschistische Falle hineingetappt, die ihn mit dem hohlen Titel ›Jude‹ entschädigt, während sie seine staatsbürgerliche israelische Identität ausradiert, damit er nicht merkt, wie sehr seine Selbstsicherheit bereits erschüttert worden ist. Aber wieso siehst du das nicht, G.? Weißt du denn nicht, daß in den Aufnahmekomittees [besagter Gemeinden] und in allen künftig kommenden du der nächste Araber sein wirst?«

Was sich bei Avirama Golan wie eine anekdotische Fiktion des Feuilletons ausnimmt, ist krude israelische Realität, dezidierte Praxis der parlamentarischen Legislative. In der Tat hat der Verfassungsausschuß der Knesset Ende Oktober dieses Jahres einen Gesetzesentwurf verhandelt, der die Aufnahmekomittees von Gemeinden gesetzlich ermächtigen soll, Anwärter auf Aufnahme in die Ortsgemeinden nach Kriterien »der Anpassung an die Grundanschauung der Gemeinde« und »der sozialen Anpassung an den Geist der Gemeinde, ihre Lebensweise und ihre soziale Zusammensetzung« anzunehmen oder abzuweisen. Nicht von ungefähr heißt es im Leitartikel der Haaretz vom 27.10.2010: »Das ist ein empörender Entwurf, der einen Beschluß des Obersten Gerichtshofes (…) skrupellos umgeht. Die Ortsgemeinden werden auf öffentlichem Boden errichtet und bieten den Anwärtern eine hohe Lebensqualität zu relativ niedrigem Preis an, um das kontroverse Ziel einer ›Judaisierung‹ ganzer Landstriche zu verwirklichen«. Soziale »Anpassung« ans »Jüdische« des Ortes also zwecks prästabilisierter Ausgrenzung von Arabern (oder auch anderen unliebsamen Nichtjuden), welche ihrerseits in einer von oben generierten Politik der »Judaisierung« arabisch bevölkerter Landstriche Israels gründet. Dieses Postulat landnehmender Expansion eignete freilich dem Zionismus von seiner Frühzeit an.

Politik und Religion

Die Konstellation wechselseitiger Wirkung von diskriminatorischer hoher Politik und alltagsrassistischem Ressentiment verbandelt sich in Israel auch zunehmend mit der Religion. Das letzte eklatante Beispiel für diese unselige Verschwisterung war in der nordisraelischen Stadt Safed zu verzeichnen. Auch dieses Falls nahm sich ein Leitartikel der Haaretz an (8.11.2010): »500 arabische Studenten, die im College der Stadt lernen, waren Opfer einer häßlichen öffentlichen Attacke, die in Gewalt gegen drei von ihnen gipfelte. Der oberste Rabbiner der Stadt, Shmuel Eliyahu, veröffentlichte letztens ein halachisches Verdikt, welches Juden verbietet, Arabern in der Stadt Wohnungen zu vermieten; von einer Notversammlung, an der 18 Rabbiner und rund 400 Anhänger teilnahmen, ging ein ähnlicher Aufruf aus. Der Vizebürgermeister der Stadt unterstützte die Versammlung. Ein 89jähriger Bürger der Stadt (…) wurde in seinem Leben bedroht, nachdem er seine Wohnung an beduinische Studenten vermietete.« Shmuel Eliyahu ist kein Kind von traurigen Eltern: In der Vergangenheit rief er bereits dazu auf, Araber aus dem College der Stadt Safed zu verjagen, und ging gar soweit, die Ermordung Unschuldiger zu befürworten, wenn sie Palästinenser sind. Daß Regierungangehörige und die Munizipalobrigkeit diesen blanken Rassismus durch Schweigen legitimieren, darf nicht verwundern. Auch nicht, daß der Rabbiner seine rassistischen Auslassungen damit begründet, daß es »so in der Thora geschrieben steht«. Denn was ist schon von einer Regierungsmannschaft zu erwarten, die einen Avigdor Lieberman, den Initiator des Treueeid-Gesetzes, zum Außenminister und die rechtsradikalsten Elemente der israelischen Parteienlandschaft zu Koalitionspartnern erkoren hat? Auch die bigotte Bibeltreue des Stadtrabbinners birgt einen realen Wahrheitskern – denn in der Tat läßt sich manches der Thora entnehmen, das mit den Rassismen des Rabbiners vollauf kompatibel wäre. Ein orthodoxer Rabbiner ist seinem Beruf nach nun einmal ein Vermittler der Thora, Werber halachischer Lebensweise und Bekämpfer all dessen, was seinen religiösen Wahrheiten entgegensteht.

Von Verfolgten zu Verfolgern

Nur stellt sich dann halt die Frage aufs neue, ob somit der Zionismus vielleicht doch für rassistisch zu erachten sei. Die Antwort lautet weiterhin: nein – jedenfalls insofern der Zionismus als prononciertes Erzeugnis des europäischen Nationalismus begriffen wird. Was Rassismus, Fremden- und Ausländerhaß anbelangt, hat er keinem anderen Nationalstaat des Westens etwas voraus. Die Spezifität der ihm nachweisbaren rassistischen Elemente (die hier nur lapidar skizziert werden konnten) erklärt sich aus seinem Entstehungszusammenhang und seiner präzedenzlosen historischen Genese, mithin aus seinem wesentlich reaktiven Charakter: Der zionistische Rassismus »verdankt« sich in vielem dem europäischen Antisemitismus, nicht zuletzt in seiner ideologischen Selbstgewißheit und seinem selbstgerechten Hang zur (geschichtlichen) Verdrängung. Am Rande bemerkt sei hier nur, daß er darin auch im innerjüdischen Diskurs (etwa zwischen aschkenasischen und orientalischen Juden) nicht haltmacht.

Eine ganz andere Frage ist freilich, ob sich Israels Staats- und Gesellschaftsrealität (ungeachtet essentialistischer Wesensbestimmungen des Zionismus als solchen) durch Rassismus auszeichnet. Und diese Frage muß – zumindest im Hinblick auf die immer beredter sich manifestierende Gesamttendenz – entschieden bejaht werden. Die unselige Konstellation von geschichtlicher Verfolgungsneurose, politischer Ideologie der Expansion, religiös-messianischem Wahn und realer (selbstgewollter?) Sackgasse in der Handhabung des Nahostkonflikts hat inzwischen die ursprüngliche Idee emanzipierter nationaler Souveränität in eine regressiv-repressive »Rückbesinnung auf sich selbst« umkippen lassen, bei der die historische Angst vorm Verfolgtsein in eine brachiale Ideologie der Verfolgung, »Judentum« zur reaktionären Kampfparole gegen Fremde und das Gedenken an historischen Rassenwahn in eigenen Rassismus umgeschlagen sind. Das hat nicht unbedingt etwas mit Zionismus, viel aber mit der Art und Weise zu tun, wie sich seine Träger in den »Straßenrändern« und den »Korridoren der Herrschaft« gegenwärtig meinen, setzen zu sollen.

Zuletzt erschien von Moshe Zuckermann: »Antisemit!« Ein Vorwurf als Herrschaftsinstrument. Wien, Promedia Verlag, 208 Seiten, brosch., 15,90 Euro.

Auch im jW-Shop erhältlich. Buchvorstellungen mit dem Autor am Freitag, 19.11., in Kiel (19 Uhr, Kieler Landeshaus, Schleswig-Holstein-Saal, Düsternbrooker Weg 70, 24105 Kiel) und am Samstag, 20.11., in Hamburg (19 Uhr, Heinrich-Wolgast-Schule, Greifswalderstr. 40, 20099 Hamburg – eine Veranstaltung von ver.di

[1] Der Soziologe Moshe Zuckermann lehrt seit 1990 am Cohn Institute for the History and Philosophy of Science and Ideas (Universität Tel Aviv) und war von 2000 bis 2005 Direktor des Instituts für Deutsche Geschichte in Tel Aviv.

Donnerstag, 28. Oktober 2010

Eine Gefahr namens Israel

Nukleare Bedrohung

Anlässlich der von Präsident Obama organisierten Konferenz zur Einschränkung der nuklearen Aktivitäten


AUTOR: Gideon SPIRO גדעון ספירו

Übersetzt von Ellen Rohlfs

Auf Kommunisten-online am 27. Oktober 2010 – Israel steht heute an vorderster Front des internationalen Kampfes gegen die atomare Aufrüstung des Irans. Israel dementiert nicht die Meldungen, dass seine Luftwaffe Manöver abhält, mit dem Ziel, Irans nukleare Produktionsstätten zu bombardieren. Eine derartige israelische Militäraktion würde die Region wahrscheinlich an den Punkt eines atomaren Konfliktes bringen, dessen Folgen eine Katastrophe für die ganze Welt sein würde. Zum gegenwärtigen Zeitpunkt versucht die USA, Israel in Schranken zu halten, und die israelische Regierung hofft, dass die starke jüdische Lobby im US-Kongress die USA in eine Militäraktion zusammen mit Israel gegen den Iran drängt. Die konservative jüdische Lobby – bekannt für ihre militante Einstellung - spielte eine entscheidende Rolle beim Überfall der USA in den Irak, und nun hofft sie, ein ähnliches Resultat im Iran zu erreichen. Die Wahl des US-Präsidenten von Barack Obama, der links von seinem Vorgänger Bush steht, war ein Schlag für die extreme rechte Regierung, die jetzt in Israel herrscht, ließ aber das israelische und internationale Friedenslager hoffen, dass die USA nicht in noch ein militärisches Abenteuer gezogen wird, das wahrscheinlich katastrophale Folgen für die Region und die Welt haben wird.

Israels offizielle Politik seit den 50er-Jahren, als das Kernkraftwerk Dimona i Ben Heine, Tlaxcalam südlichen Israel gebaut wurde, war: „Israel wird nicht das erste Land sein, das Kernwaffen in der Region einführt", aber heute ist jene Politik eine vollkommen anachronistische. In den 60er und 70er Jahren verdächtigte man Israel, es würde nukleare Waffen entwickeln. Aber es gab keinen entscheidenden Beweis. 1986 enthüllte der Techniker Mordechai Vanunu, der jahrelang im Reaktor in Dimona gearbeitet hatte, in der Londoner „Sunday Times", was innerhalb der Mauern der Einrichtung wirklich vor sich geht, sogar mit Photos von den hintersten Winkeln. Mit diesen wurde klar, dass schon Mitte der 80eer-Jahre Israel in Besitz von über 100 Atombomben war. 43 Jahre sind seitdem vergangen; der Reaktor ist ausgebaut worden, die Produktion wurde fortgesetzt und heute schätzt man, dass Hunderte von Atom- und Wasserstoffbomben in Israels Besitz sind, dazu Langstrecken-Raketen vom Typ „Jericho", die mit nuklearen Sprengköpfe ausgerüstet werden können.

Dem muss die Produktion von chemischen und biologischen Waffen aus dem biologischen Institut Nes Ziona, nicht weit von Tel Aviv, hinzugefügt werden.

Zusammengefasst: Israel ist eine atomare Großmacht, deren Arsenal größer ist als das von China, Großbritannien und Frankreich. Israel ist zu einem Pulverfass von Massenvernichtungswaffen geworden, ein Garten Eden für „Strangeloves" verschiedener Arten. Es gibt keinen anderen Staat in der Welt, in dem auf einem so kleinen Territorium eine so riesige Menge von nuklearen, biologischen und chemischen Waffen gelagert werden.

Israel führte das atomare Wettrüsten in den Nahen Osten ein, und seine Politik war und ist noch immer, das atomare Monopol zu bewahren und seine militärische Macht dazu benützen, seine Nachbarn daran zu hindern, ebenfalls eine Atommacht zu werden. Unter der Regierung Menachem Begin 1981 bombardierte Israel den im Bau befindlichen Reaktor im Irak. Obwohl es sich um einen französischen Forschungsreaktor handelte, entschied die Regierung Israels, dass selbst ein Forschungsreaktor eine unannehmbares Risiko sei. Er wurde vollkommen zerstört.

2007 entschied die israelische Regierung unter Ehud Olmert eine angebliche Kernkraftanlage in Syrien zu bombardieren, die nach israelischen Geheimdienstquellen von Nordkorea gebaut worden war.

Der Iran ist nicht der Irak oder Syrien, weder was die militärische Ausrüstung noch was die Ausdehnung seiner Atomanlagen betrifft. Ein Bombardement des Iran würde wahrscheinlich eine weltweite globale Katastrophe bedeuten. Israel wird sein nukleares Monopol nicht halten können. Es ist nur eine Frage der Zeit, bis seine Nachbarn auch nukleare Waffen haben, wenn die Welt nicht aufwacht und sicherstellt, dass der Nahe Osten zu einer Massenvernichtungswaffen freien Zone gemacht wird, bevor es zu spät ist.

Der Iran behauptet, dass es keine nuklearen Waffen produzieren beabsichtigt, aber Israel hat dies auch behauptet, als es den Dimona-Reaktor baute. und offizielle Leugnungen auf diesem Gebiet müssen mit großer Skepsis betrachtet werden. Keiner weiß, was der Iran hat und was er nicht hat. Die Beseitigung von Irans nuklearen Einrichtungen, die über große Gebiete verteilt sind, liegt außerhalb Israels Militärmacht. Einem israelischen Militärangriff würde es vielleicht gelingen, die Produktion einer iranischen Bombe für eine Weile hinauszuschieben, wenn es solch einen Plan hat, aber es wird sicher auch einen neuen bewaffneten Konflikt schaffen, dessen Ende keiner voraussehen kann.

Israel wird heute von einer rechten Regierung beherrscht, unter deren Minister es nicht wenige religiöse Fundamentalisten und radikale Nationalisten gibt, die in der Vergangenheit schon bewiesen haben, wie leicht ihre Hände am Abzug sind. Ministerpräsident Netanjahus Israel ist nicht weniger gefährlich als Ahmadinejads Iran. Die wirksamste Weise, um eine Katastrophe im Nahen Osten zu verhindern, ist, wenn alle Staaten der Region ihre Kernwaffen liquidieren. Und der Prozess müsste mit Israel beginnen; denn es ist Israel, das diese Waffen in der Region einführte. Dies sollte die dringendste Aufgabe der USA und der EU, Israels Verbündeter, sein.

Der Bau des nuklearen Reaktors in Dimona begann in den 50ern mit der Hilfe Frankreichs.

Der Reaktor war als Dank für Israels Unterstützung im Kolonialkrieg gedacht, den Frankreich gegen Algerien führte.

1969 verkündete Ministerpräsident David Ben-Gurion den Bau des Reaktors mit einem kurzen Statement in der Knesset und deutete daraufhin, dass es ein Forschungsreaktor für friedliche Zwecke sein sollte, der für alle Wissenschaftler in aller Welt offen sein soll. Schon damals war klar, dass dies eine Täuschung war und dass der Reaktor für militärische Zwecke gedacht war.

Als amerikanische Spionageflugzeuge den Bau in Dimona während der Kennedy-Regierung entdeckten, versuchte die amerikanische Regierung die Aktivierung zu verhindern. Die US sandten Experten zur Inspektion der Gegend, aber Israel gelang es, sie zu täuschen. Heute ist es klar, dass Präsident Kennedys Furcht, der Reaktor würde in der Region ein nukleares Waffenwettrüsten auslösen, gerechtfertigt war.

Nach dem Juni-Krieg 1967 wurde die Verbindung zwischen den USA und Israel enger. Die USA wurde Israels Hauptwaffenlieferant. Ministerpräsident Levi Eshkol (1967-69) kam mit Präsident Johnson über die Nuklearfrage zu einem Einverständnis. Das Wesentliche davon war, dass die (US-) Regierung ein Auge zudrücken würde, wenn die israelische Regierung erklärt, dass Israel nicht der erste Staat wäre, der in der Region nukleare Waffen einführt. Dieses Abkommen wurde bei einem Treffen von Ministerpräsidentin Golda Meir (1967-74) und Präsident Richard Nixon bestätigt worden. Es erlaubte den USA weiter, Israel wirtschaftliche und militärische Hilfe zu geben. So wurden die USA ein stiller Partner und Geldgeber von Israels nuklearem Unternehmen. Der Betrieb des Reaktors von Dimona und die ganze nukleare Waffenherstellung kostet eine riesige Menge Geld, die auf eine Milliarde Dollar im Jahr geschätzt wird. Ohne die amerikanische Hilfe, die heute drei Milliarden Dollar pro Jahr betragen und in der Vergangenheit vier Milliarden erreicht hatte, könnte Israel sein nukleares Abenteuer nicht finanzieren. Dem müssen noch 6 Milliarden Dollar Darlehen hinzugefügt werden, die die US-Regierung Israel gab, die Israel erlauben, Anleihen vom internationalen Markt zu erhalten. Man füge dieser Geldbeschaffung für Israel in der internationalen jüdischen Gemeinschaft noch eine Milliarde pro Jahr hinzu. Und dann gibt es natürlich noch die Zahlungen aus Deutschland, die insgesamt 2 Milliarden (?) betragen.

Nur auf diese Weise konnte Israel sein nukleares Unternehmen, eine mächtige Armee, die mit den modernsten Waffen ausgerüstet ist, und regelmäßig Kriege finanzieren – all dies mit einer Wirtschaft und einem Lebensstandard auf europäischer Ebene.

Bei der Gründung des israelischen Nuklearunternehmens stand der Holocaust Pate. Wie viele Dinge in Israel wird der Holocaust als politische Waffe für aktuelle Bedürfnisse instrumentalisiert. Es ist eine Waffe, die sich als sehr wirksam erwiesen hat, zum einen, um Geld und Hilfe zu bekommen und um Kritik an Israel zu blockieren.

Der Grund, sich in den 50er-Jahren ein nukleares Arsenal anzuschaffen, war, dass die Araber danach strebten, Israel zu zerstören, und eine solch entsetzliche Waffe sollte sie abschrecken.

Das Bild, das damals von Israel gemalt wurde, war der kleine David, der der mächtigen arabischen Welt, dem Goliath, gegenüber steht, die uns vernichten will.

Über fünfzig Jahre sind seitdem vergangen, und es ist klar geworden, dass der militärische Goliath der Region niemand anders als das kleine Israel ist. Israel, das die modernste Armee im Nahen Osten hat, die mit dem Besten, was die amerikanische Macht liefern kann, ausgerüstet ist, und das jetzt seit über 40 Jahren über das palästinensische Volk herrscht und mehrere Kriege angefangen hat; dieses Israel ist zum Sparta des Nahen Ostens geworden.

Der einzige Krieg, in dem Israel einen schweren Schlag erlitten hat, war der Yom-Kippur-Krieg 1973; aber selbst dann war Israels Existenz nicht in Gefahr. Ägypten und Syrien planten keine Besetzung Israels; ihr Ziel war es, den status quo der israelischen Besatzung nach dem Junikrieg 1967 zu untergraben. Zusammengefasst war er in dem arroganten Statement des damaligen Verteidigungsministers Moshe Dayan: „Es ist besser Sharm al-Sheik ohne Frieden zu haben als Frieden ohne Sharm al-Sheik". Was die ägyptische Armee im Yom-Kippur-Krieg erreichte, bereitete den Friedensvertrag mit Ägypten vor, der verbunden war mit der Rückgabe der ganzen Sinai-Halbinsel an Ägypten bis zum letzten Millimeter.

Israels Kernwaffen-Arsenal ist heute fast der letzte zionistischer Konsens von Links bis Rechts . Mehr als 90 Prozent der israelischen Bürger befürworten Israels Besitz von atomaren Waffen und akzeptieren die These, dass sie zur Verteidigung Israels gegen eine mögliche Vernichtung dient. Die Vorstellung der jüdischen Israelis von sich selbst als die eigentlichen ewigen Opfer, könnte das nationale israelische Hobby genannt werden.

Die Anzahl der Gegner der atomaren Bewaffnung ist gering. Sie werden bestenfalls für naiv gehalten und schlimmstenfalls als Verräter angesehen.

Wie wir gesehen haben, hat sich Israels offizielle Politik nicht verändert, und Präsident Shimon Peres, einer der Gründer der Dimona-Anlage hat mehr als einmal gesagt, wenn vollkommener Frieden und freundliche Beziehungen zwischen Israel und der gesamten arabischen Welt herrschen wird, dann wird es möglich sein, über die Entwaffnung der ganzen Region zu reden.

Mit andern Worten: Peres sagte auch einmal, Israel wird seine atomaren Waffen nicht aufgeben, so lange der Messias nicht angekommen ist, und damit spricht er mit der überwältigenden Mehrheit der Juden in Israel.

Der Grund für die Opponenten der nuklearen Waffen, besonders der Mitglieder und Sympathisanten des „Israelischen Komitees für einen Nahen Osten, der frei ist von atomaren, biologischen und chemischen Waffen" ist folgender:

Israel droht kein Gefahr der Vernichtung. Diese Behauptung ist ein zynischer Versuch, die Ängste und Traumata aus der Zeit des Holocaust zu missbrauchen. Die Gefahr der Vernichtung besteht nicht, weil Israel auf Grund seiner konventionellen Bewaffnung die stärkste Macht der Region ist, und weil kein arabischer Staat Israel heute zerstören will. Israels konventionelle Armee ist stark genug für Israels Bedürfnisse – wenn Israel nicht zusätzliche Gebiete im Nahen Osten nicht zu kontrollieren plant.

Selbst der Iran drohte nie damit, Israel zu zerstören oder es anzugreifen. Inzwischen ist es nur Israel, das davon spricht, den Iran militärisch anzugreifen. Die Leugnung des Holocaust durch den iranischen Präsidenten muss entschieden verurteilt werden, ebenso Israels Parteinahme für die Türkei bei der Leugnung des armenischen Völkermords.

Israels Arsenal von nuklearen, chemischen und biologischen Waffen stellen für das Land externe wie interne Probleme dar

Es gibt keine „verantwortlichen Hände", wenn es um nukleare Waffen geht. Diejenigen, die sich am meisten verantwortlich fühlen, sind jene, die nicht die Möglichkeit haben, auf den nuklearen Knopf zu drücken. Allein seine Existenz ist ein Anreiz, ihn zu benützen. Seine Benützung könnte unter mehreren Umständen passieren: ein oberflächliches Lesen von Absichten des Feindes, Abenteuerlust von Seiten unverantwortlicher Führer oder eine falsche Einschätzung der Situation auf dem Schlachtfeld (wie beinahe während des Yom Kippur-Krieges geschehen ist, als mit Nuklearbomben bestückte Flugzeuge zum Abflug bereit standen.)

Intern sind die Gefahren nicht geringer: der Reaktor steht im Großen Rift-Tal, einem Grabenbruch, der ein Erdbeben auslösen könnte. Alle Experten stimmen darin überein, dass es nur eine Frage der Zeit ist, wann sich in diesem Gebiet ein Erdbeben ereignet. Wir wissen nur nicht, wie stark es sein wird. Ein Erdbeben der Stärke 8 oder 9 auf der Richterskala würde den Reaktor bersten lassen und eine radioaktive Wolke hervorbringen, die mindestens halb Israel, wenn nicht ganz Israel, für Menschen unbewohnbar machen würde.

Der atomare Müll, der sich seit Jahrzehnten angesammelt hat und die angewandten Methoden, ihn loszuwerden, sind uns unbekannt. Dieser Müll gefährdet den Boden und den Grundwasserspiegel. Und natürlich besteht immer die Gefahr eines Atomunglückes wie in Tschernobyl, ob als Folge eines menschlichen Irrtums oder wegen technischen Versagens. In der Stadt Dimona, die nicht weit vom Reaktor liegt, gibt es schon eine wachsende Anzahl von Krebskranken. Und die staatlichen Behörden weigern sich ernsthaft, eine Verbindung zum Reaktor zu untersuchen.

Genau so sind israelische Bürger ähnlichen Gefahren vom biologischen Institut in Nes Ziona ausgesetzt, wo Mittel für die biologische Kriegsführung erforscht und entwickelt werden. Eine Katastrophe im Institut könnte unheilbare Krankheiten bzw. deren Keime in die Luft entlassen, die schreckliche Epidemien verursachen könnten.

In Bezug auf Israels Nuklear-Arsenal spielt Deutschland unter dem Deckmantel von Hilfe und Beistand eine negative Rolle - hier spielt Israel mit den Schuldgefühlen der Deutschen …

Deutschland hat Israel mit supermodernen Unterseeboten ausgerüstet, die Raketen mit nuklearen Sprengköpfen mit sich führen. Diese Unterseeboote, die Hundertmillionen Dollar kosten, wurden Israel kostenlos geliefert – alles natürlich im Namen der Wiedergutmachung für die Schrecken des Holocaust. So wird das absurde Paradox geschaffen, dass im Namen des 1. Holocaust Deutschland einen neuen Holocaust entstehen lässt – einen nuklearen Holocaust. …Die Lehren aus dem Holocaust sind enthalten im Kampf gegen Rassismus und gegen Verletzungen der Menschenrechte, aber nicht in der Unterstützung eines Staates, der diese verletzt und nicht in der Bewaffnung dieses Staates mit Massenvernichtungswaffen.

Israel ist kein Signatar des Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (Nichtweiterverbreitung von Kernwaffen) und deshalb hat die Internationale Atomenergie-Agentur in Wien keine Kontrollmöglichkeiten in Dimona.

Wir müssen verlangen, dass die internationale Gemeinschaft aufhört, Israel anders zu behandeln als andere Länder. Es sollte als das behandelt werden, was es ist: als einer der Akteure, der heute den Weltfrieden gefährdet. Israels Besitz von nuklearen Waffen ermutigt seine Nachbarn, eigene nukleare Waffen zu haben. Man kann die Gefahr kaum übertreiben, noch dazu in einer Region, wo so viele Führer – in Israel wie bei seinen Nachbarn – behaupten einen direkten Draht zum Allmächtigen zu haben. Die Kampagne gegen Irans Erwerb von nuklearen Waffen ist lobenswert, aber sie wäre viel wirksamer, wenn sie im Kontext einer Kampagne geschehen würde, die den Nahen Osten frei von Massenvernichtungswaffen machen würde, was Israel natürlich mit einschließt.

Wir müssen Israel auffordern, den Nichtverbreitungsvertrag zu unterzeichnen und den Dimona-Reaktor für internationale Inspektionen zu öffnen als vorbereitende regionale vertrauensbildende Maßnahmen.

Wirkliche Freunde Israels werden sich solchen Forderungen anschließen und daran festhalten, auch wenn die israelische Regierung aufschreit, dies sei „Anti-Semitismus" Die Zeit ist gekommen, um sich nicht mehr über diese manipulierte Art und Weise aufzuregen, mit der Israel solch ein Problem behandelt. Nur so kann Israels Sicherheit auf Dauer garantiert werden – und das seiner Nachbarn auch.

Ich kann diesen Artikel nicht beenden, ohne von Israel zu fordern, die Verfolgung Mordechai Vanunu, Träger des Alternativen Nobelpreises, einzustellen, des Mannes, der Israels Nuklear-Arsenals enthüllte und dafür 18 Jahre im Gefängnis saß. Er ist nicht gebrochen worden. Er kämpft weiter für die Idee einer Welt ohne Massenvernichtungswaffen. Er hat seine Strafe voll abgebüßt. Es sollte ihm nun erlaubt werden, Israel zu verlassen und sein Leben an einem Ort seiner Wahl zu leben.

Quelle: Occupation Magazine-A danger called Israel

Originalartikel veröffentlicht am 11.4.2010

Über den Autor

Ellen Rohlfs ist ein Mitglied von Tlaxcala, dem internationalen Übersetzernetzwerk für sprachliche Vielfalt. Diese Übersetzung kann frei verwendet werden unter der Bedingung, daß der Text nicht verändert wird und daß sowohl der Autor, die Übersetzerin als auch die Quelle genannt werden.

URL dieses Artikels auf Tlaxcala: http://www.tlaxcala.es/pp.asp?reference=10483&lg=de

Donnerstag, 7. Oktober 2010

UN report: What happened on the Mavi Marmara

4 October 2010. A World to Win News Service. Following are excerpts from the report by a mission mandated by the UN Human Rights Council on the facts surrounding Israel's interception of a flotilla of ships carrying humanitarian supplies to Gaza 31 May 2010. (Report A/HRC/15/21) We have retained the paragraph numbering of the original document, and reprinted the entire paragraphs, although we have made a selection from this 56-page document to focus on the Mavi Marmara, the largest ship, on which nine people were killed. The subheads are from the original report. For more on this report and the reaction to it, see accompanying article.



Initial attempt to board the Mavi Marmara from the sea



112. Israeli zodiac boats made a first attempt to board the Mavi Marmara from the sea shortly before 0430 hours. Several zodiac boats approached the ship at the stern from both the port and starboard sides. The approach was accompanied by the firing of non-lethal weaponry onto the ship, including smoke and stun grenades, tear-gas and paintballs. Plastic bullets may also have been used at this stage: however, despite some claims that live ammunition was also fired from the zodiac boats, the Mission is not satisfied that this was the case. The smoke and tear gas were not effective due to the strong sea breeze and later due to the downdraft from helicopters.



113. The Israeli forces attempted to board the ship through attaching ladders to the hull. Passengers engaged in efforts to repel the attempted boarding using the ship's water hoses and the throwing of various items at the boats including chairs, sticks, a box of plates and other objects that were readily to hand. This initial attempt to board the ship proved unsuccessful. It is the view of the Mission that the Israeli forces should have re-evaluated their plans when it became obvious that putting their soldiers on board the ship may lead to civilian casualties.



Landing of soldiers from helicopters onto the Mavi Marmara



114. Just minutes after soldiers from the zodiac boats had made initial unsuccessful attempts to board, the first helicopter approached the ship at approximately 0430 hours, hovering above the top deck. At this point between 10 and 20 passengers were located in the central area of the top deck, although this number increased as other passengers learned of events on the top deck. The Israeli forces used smoke and stun grenades in an attempt to clear an area for the landing of soldiers. The first rope that was let down from the helicopter was taken by passengers and tied it to a part of the top deck and thereby rendered ineffective for the purpose of soldiers' descent. A second rope was then let down from the helicopter and the first group of soldiers descended. The Mission does not find it plausible that soldiers were holding their weapons and firing as they descended on the rope. However, it has concluded that live ammunition was used from the helicopter onto the top deck prior to the descent of the soldiers.



115. With the available evidence it is difficult to delineate the exact course of events on the top deck between the time of the first soldier descending and the Israeli forces securing control of the deck. A fight ensued between passengers and the first soldiers to descend onto the top deck that resulted in at least two soldiers being pushed down onto the bridge deck below, where they were involved in struggles with groups of passengers who attempted to take their weapons. The equipment jacket of at least one soldier was removed as he was pushed over the side of the deck. A number of weapons were taken from the soldiers by passengers and thrown into the sea: one weapon, a 9mm pistol was unloaded by a passenger, a former U.S. Marine, in front of witnesses and then hidden in another part of the ship in an attempt to retain evidence.



116. A number of the passengers on the top deck fought with the soldiers using their fists, sticks, metal rods and knives. At least one of the soldiers was stabbed with a knife or other sharp object. Witnesses informed the Mission that their objective was to subdue and disarm the soldiers so that they could not harm anyone. The Mission is satisfied on the evidence that at least two passengers on the bridge deck also used handheld catapults to propel small projectiles at the helicopters. The Mission has found no evidence to suggest that any of the passengers used firearms or that any firearms were taken on board the ship. Despite requests, the Mission has not received any medical records or other substantiated information from the Israeli authorities regarding any firearm injuries sustained by soldiers participating in the raid. Doctors examined the three soldiers taken below decks and no firearm injuries were noted. Further, the Mission finds that the Israeli accounts so inconsistent and contradictory with regard to evidence of alleged firearms injuries to Israeli soldiers that it has to reject it.



Deaths of nine passengers and wounding of at least 50 other passengers



117. During the operation to secure control of the top deck, the Israeli forces landed soldiers from three helicopters over a fifteen-minute period. The Israeli forces used paintballs, plastic bullets and live ammunition, fired by soldiers from the helicopter above and soldiers who had landed on the top deck. The use of live ammunition during this period resulted in fatal injuries to four passengers, and injuries to at least nineteen others, fourteen with gunshot wounds. Escape points to the bridge deck from the top deck were narrow and restricted and as such it was very difficult for passengers in this area to avoid being hit by live rounds. At least one of those killed was using a video camera and not involved in any of the fighting with the soldiers. The majority of gunshot wounds received by passengers were to their upper torsos in the head, thorax, abdomen and back. Given the relatively small number of passengers on the top deck during the incident, the Mission is driven to the conclusion that the vast majority were in receipt of gunshot wounds.



118. Israeli soldiers continued shooting at passengers who had already been wounded, with live ammunition, soft baton charges (beanbags) and plastic bullets. Forensic analysis demonstrates that two of the passengers killed on the top deck received wounds compatible with being shot at close range while lying on the ground: Furkan Doğan received a bullet in the face and İbrahim Bilgen received a fatal wound from a soft baton round (beanbag) fired at such close proximity to his head that parts such as wadding penetrated his skull entered his brain. Furthermore, some of the wounded were subjected to further violence including being hit with the butt of a weapon, being kicked in the head, chest and back and being verbally abused. A number of the wounded passengers were handcuffed and then left unattended for some time before being dragged to the front of the deck by their arms or legs.



119. Once the Israeli forces had secured control of the top deck they undertook measures to move down to the bridge deck below in order to take over the ship’s bridge and thus take control of the ship. In relation to this operation, a series of shooting incidents occurred centred on the portside doorway which gives access to the main stairwell on the bridge deck. This door is near to the hatch and ladder, which allows access from the top deck to the bridge deck.



120. Israeli soldiers fired live ammunition both from the top deck at passengers on the bridge deck below and after they had moved down to the bridge deck. At least four passengers were killed, and at least nine injured (five with firearms injuries) during this phase. None of the four passengers who were killed, including a photographer who at the time of being shot was engaged in taking photographs and was shot by an Israeli soldier positioned on the top deck above, posed any threat to the Israeli forces. There was considerable live fire from Israeli soldiers on the top deck and a number of passengers were injured or killed whilst trying to take refuge inside the door or assisting other to do so. Wounded passengers were brought into the ship where they could be given some form of medical treatment by doctors and others on board.



122. A group of up to twenty passengers, some holding sticks and rods and wearing gas masks, were located on or around the stairwell inside the ship. One passenger standing just inside the door was shot through the broken porthole in the door by a soldier standing a few metres away on the bridge deck outside.



123. During the shootings on the bridge deck and as it became apparent that a large number of passengers had become injured, Bulent Yildirim, the President of IHH [the Turkish humanitarian organisation that owned this ship] and one of principal organisers of the flotilla, removed his white shirt which was then used as a white flag to indicate a surrender. This does not appear to have had any effect and live firing continued on the ship.



124. Israeli forces moved down to the bridge deck and moved rapidly to take over the

bridge room towards the front of the ship. The doorway and windows of the bridge room came under fire and the ship’s captain ordered the ship’s engines to be cut. Israeli soldiers entered the bridge room through the door and broken window. The crew were made to lie on the ground at gunpoint. The captain remained standing but was held at gunpoint.



Shootings at the bow deck, the release of the Israeli soldiers and end of the operation



125. During the initial fighting on the top deck three Israeli soldiers were taken under control and brought inside the ship. While some passengers wished to harm the soldiers, other passengers ensured that they were protected and able to receive rudimentary medical treatment from doctors on board. Two of the soldiers had received wounds to the abdomen. One of the soldiers had a superficial wound to the abdomen, caused by a sharp object, which penetrated to the subcutaneous tissue. None of the three soldiers had received gunshot injuries, according to doctors who examined them. All three soldiers were in a state of shock and were suffering from cuts, bruises and blunt force trauma.



126. As the seriousness of incidents on the outer decks became apparent, there was growing concern among some of the flotilla organisers that holding the captured Israeli soldiers may have serious implications for the security of all passengers on board. It was decided that the soldiers should be released and they were taken to the bow of the lower deck. Once on the bow deck two of the soldiers jumped into the sea and were picked up by Israeli boats. The third soldier did not jump and was rapidly joined by Israeli soldiers who came down from the top deck.



127. At least four passengers were injured on the bow of the ship, both before and around the time that the Israeli soldiers were released. At least two passengers received wounds from live ammunition, while others received injuries from soft baton charges, including one doctor who was tending to injured passengers.



128. The Israeli forces stated that the active phase of the Israeli forces operation concluded at 0517 hours, once the ship was under their control and the three soldiers were released. During the 45-50 minute operation, nine passengers were killed, more than 24 passengers had received serious injuries caused by live ammunition and a large number of passengers had received serious injuries caused by plastic rounds, soft baton charges (beanbags) and other means.



Deaths occurring on the Top Deck (roof)



Furkan Doğan, a 19 year old with dual Turkish and United States citizenship, was on

the central area of the top deck filming with a small video camera when he was first hit with live fire. It appears that he was lying on the deck in a conscious, or semi-conscious, state for some time. In total Furkan received five bullet wounds, to the face, head, back thorax, left leg and foot. All of the entry wounds were on the back of his body, except for the face wound which entered to the right of his nose. According to forensic analysis, tattooing around the wound in his face indicates that the shot was delivered at point blank range. Furthermore, the trajectory of the wound, from bottom to top, together with a vital abrasion to the left shoulder that could be consistent with the bullet exit point, is compatible with the shot being received while he was lying on the ground on his back. The other wounds were not the result of firing in contact, near contact or close range, but it is not otherwise possible to determine the exact firing range. The wounds to the leg and foot were most likely received in a standing position.



İbrahim Bilgen, a 60 year old Turkish citizen, from Siirt in Turkey, was on the top deck and was one of the first passengers to be shot. He received a bullet wound to the chest, the trajectory of which was from above and not at close range. He had a further two bullet wounds to the right side of the back and right buttock, both back to front. These wounds would not have caused instant death, but he would have bled to death within a short time without medical attention. Forensic evidence shows that he was shot in the side of the head with a soft baton round at such close proximity and that an entire bean bag and its wadding penetrated the skull and lodged in the brain. He had a further bruise on the right flank consistent with another beanbag wound. The wounds are consistent with the deceased initially being shot from soldiers on board the helicopter above and receiving a further wound to the head while lying on the ground, already wounded.



Fahri Yaldiz, a 42 year old Turkish citizen from Adiyaman, received five bullet wounds, one to the chest, one to the left leg and three to the right leg. The chest wound was caused by a bullet that entered near the left nipple and hit the heart and lungs before exiting from the shoulder. This injury would have caused rapid death.



According to the pathology report, Ali Heyder Bengi, a 38 year old Turkish citizen from Diyarbakir, received six bullet wounds (one in the chest, one in the abdomen, one in the right arm, one in the right thigh and two in the left hand). One bullet lodged in the chest area. None of the wounds would have been instantly fatal, but damage to the liver caused bleeding which would have been fatal if not stemmed. There are several witness accounts which suggest that Israeli soldiers shot the deceased in the back and chest at close range while he was lying on the deck as a consequence of initial bullet wounds.



Deaths occurring on the Bridge Deck, portside



Cevdet Kiliçlar, a 38 year old Turkish citizen from Istanbul, was on the Mavi Marmara, in his capacity as a photographer employed by IHH. At the moment he was shot he was standing on the bridge deck on the port side of the ship near to the door leading to the main stairwell and was attempting to photograph Israeli soldiers on the top deck. According to the pathology reports, he received a single bullet to his forehead between the eyes. The bullet followed a horizontal trajectory which crossed the middle of the brain from front to back. He would have died instantly.



41 year old Cengiz Akyuz from Hatay and 46 year old Cengiz Songur from Izmir, both Turkish citizens, were injured on the bridge deck in close succession by live fire from above. They had been sheltering and were shot as they attempted to move inside the door leading to the stairwell. Cengiz Akyuz received a shot to the head and it is probable that he died instantly.



The pathology report shows four wounds: to the neck, face, chest and thigh. Cengiz Songur received a single bullet to the upper central thorax below the neck, shot from a high angle, which lodged in the right thoracic cavity injuring the heart and aorta. Unsuccessful efforts were made by doctors inside the ship to resuscitate him through heart massage.



Çetin Topçuoğlu, a 54 year old Turkish citizen from Adana had been involved in helping to bring injured passengers inside the ship to be treated. He was also shot close to the door on the bridge deck. He did not die instantly and his wife, who was also on board the ship, was with him when he died. He was shot by three bullets. One bullet entered from the top the soft tissues of the right side of the back of the head, exited from the neck and then re-entered into the thorax. Another bullet entered the left buttock and lodged in the right pelvis. The third entered the right groin and exited from the lower back. There are indications that the victim may have been in a crouching or bending position when this wound was sustained.



Ill-treatment of passengers at airport and repatriation



202. Perhaps the most shocking testimony, after that relating to the violence on the Mavi Marmara, provided to the Mission was the consistent accounts of a number of incidents of extreme and unprovoked violence perpetrated by uniformed Israeli personnel upon certain passengers during the processing procedures inside the terminal at Ben Gurion International Airport on the day of deportation. These accounts were so consistent and vivid as to be beyond question. An intimidating number of armed soldiers and police were present inside the terminal building. Some passengers said that these officers were "spoiling for a fight". All passengers had been subjected to multiple searches and were completely under the control of the Israelis by this stage. Most passengers were continuing to refuse to sign deportation documents and some were determined to make a point about the legality of the

process by insisting on a court hearing to confirm the deportation. None of the violence described seems to have been justified.



203. Some passengers in the passport checking area saw an older passenger being roughly treated after receiving what appeared to be a beating. When other passengers, including Irish and Turkish, protested at this treatment, they were charged by soldiers using batons. In the foray, around 30 passengers were beaten to the ground, kicked and punched in a sustained attack by soldiers. One Irish passenger was seen being particularly badly beaten around the head and held in a choke position to the point of near suffocation. He identified his attackers as police officers. He was taken to a holding cell.



204. One Turkish passenger involved in the fight said that he was subsequently taken by soldiers, handcuffed with metal cuffs, picked up by the cuffs, taken to a small room and beaten and kicked by five more soldiers while others shielded the scene from outside. The police intervened to stop the violence in this case.



205. A number of women were pushed around by soldiers, one of whom was beaten with fists. They were also subjected to sexual taunts.



206. In a separate incident, a passenger was physically attacked by around seventeen

officers when he refused to sign deportation paper, kicked in the head and threatened at gunpoint. A number of passengers had resolved to resist deportation in order to have the opportunity to demonstrate their innocence in an Israeli court. This was taken as a provocation by the Israelis.



Possessions of passengers confiscated by the Israeli authorities



240. Amongst the items confiscated and not returned by the Israeli authorities is a large amount of video and photographic footage that was recorded on electronic and other media by passengers, including many professional journalists, on board the vessels of the flotilla. This includes a large number of photographic and video material of the Israeli assault and interception on the Mavi Marmara and other vessels. The Israeli authorities have subsequently released a very limited amount of this for public access, in an edited form, but the vast majority has remained in the private control of the Israeli authorities.



241. The Mission is satisfied that this represents a deliberate attempt by the Israeli authorities to suppress or destroy evidence and other information related to the events of 31 May on the Mavi Marmara and other vessels of the flotilla.

The "Jewish boat to Gaza": How Israel deals with Jews who consider oppression immoral



4 October 2010. A World to Win News Service. Israel couldn't deal with the Irene the same way it had the Mavi Marmara. Unlike last May, when Israeli commandos killed nine Turkish passengers on an aid ship bound for Gaza, they had to be more careful with this small yacht carrying a symbolic cargo of medical and school supplies and therapeutic toys for Gaza intercepted 28 September.



Of the ten passengers, six were Israeli Jews: a former officer who several years ago initiated a letter signed by Air Force pilots pledging to refuse to bomb Palestinian towns; his brother, also a combat veteran; a prominent peace activist whose daughter was killed by a Palestinian suicide bomber; his wife, the peace activist daughter of an Israeli general; an Israeli TV reporter; and a well-known critical supporter of Zionism who describes himself as a Holocaust survivor. The others were a refugee from Nazi Germany who now lives in the U.S., a Jewish studies scholar from Germany, a British biographer of the famed author and Auschwitz survivor Primo Levi, and a UK photojournalist. The Irene was organized by a London-based group called Jews for Justice for Palestine. Among its sponsors was the mother of Labour Party leader Ed Miliband and the former Foreign Secretary David Miliband.



The boat was surrounded by a destroyer and other warships, helicopters and, according to some reports, submarines. News footage shows two warships pulling up against the Irene, one on each side, and spinning it around. When dozens of commandos came aboard, the passengers put up no resistance of any kind. But the former Israeli pilot Yonatan Shapira put his arms around 82-year-old Holocaust survivor Reuven Moskovitz and refused to let go.



The commandos tased Shapira twice in the right arm. Then a naval captain lifted up his life vest, put the Taser to his chest and sent a jolt of electricity into his heart. He collapsed and was put in handcuffs and dragged away, along with his brother. They face serious criminal charges. Other passengers were kicked and beaten. All cameras were confiscated. The scholar from Germany was jailed when she refused to sign voluntary deportation papers.



Moskovitz said in a statement, "When I was a kid I lived in a ghetto for a few years, and I think of the Palestinian children." "It is my sacred duty as a survivor to protest against the persecution, the oppression and the imprisonment of so many people in Gaza, including more than 800,000 children." He also said, "It's just immoral."



An Israeli Foreign Ministry spokesman and a military statement both called the Irene's symbolic attempt to break the Gaza blockade a "provocation".



Nevertheless, the Israel government could not and did not wish to refrain from bestiality. It carried out this battle for the high moral ground with a hint of its usual cruelty. It needed to teach these people a lesson, and keep others from following their example.